ASTM E114 中文版 有奖翻译

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中文名称：接触式超声脉冲回波直波检测的标准操作规程

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1. Scope

Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Examination by the

Contact Method1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

Magnetic Particle, Radiographic and Ultrasonic)5

1.1 This practice2covers ultrasonic examination of materi-

als by the pulse-echo method using straight-beam longitudinal

waves introduced by direct contact of the search unit with the

material being examined.

1.2 This practice shall be applicable to development of an

examination procedure agreed upon by the users of the

document.

1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded

as the standard.

1.4
This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-

bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1
ASTM Standards:

E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics

of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Use

of Electronic Measurement Instruments3

E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-

destructive Testing3

E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations3

2.2
ASNT Standards:

SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-

cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4

ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and

Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel4

2.3
Military Standard:

MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-

tion and Certification (Eddy Current, Liquid Penetrant,

1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde-

structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on

Ultrasonic Method.

Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Originally

published as E 114 – 55 T. Last previous edition E 114 – 90.

2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice

SE-114 in Section II of that Code.

3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.

4 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate

Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1

3. Terminology

3.1 Refer to Terminology E 1316 for definitions of terms

used in this practice.

4. Basis of Application

4.1
Purchaser-Supplier Agreements:

The following items require agreement between the using

parties for this practice to be used effectively:

4.1.1
Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencies—

Agreement is required as to whether the nondestructive testing

agency, as defined in Practice E 543 must be formally evalu-

ated and qualified to perform the examination. If such evalu-

ation and qualification is specified, a documented procedure

such as Practice E 543 shall be used as the basis for evaluation.

4.1.2
Personnel Qualification—Nondestructive testing

(NDT) personnel shall be qualified in accordance with a

nationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or

standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, MIL-

STD-410, or a similar document. The practice or standard used

and its applicable revision shall be specified in the contractual

agreement between the using parties.

4.1.3
Extent of Examination—The extent of the examina-

tion shall be determined by agreement of the using parties.

4.1.4
Time of Examination—The time of examination shall

be determined by agreement of the using parties.

4.1.5
Interpretation Criteria—The criteria by which the

ultrasonic signals and part acceptability will be evaluated and

shall be determined by agreement of the using parties.

5. Significance and Use

5.1 A series of electrical pulses is applied to a piezoelectric

element (transducer) which converts these pulses to mechani-

cal energy in the form of pulsed waves at a nominal frequency.

This transducer is mounted in a holder so it can transmit the

waves into the material through a suitable wear surface and

couplant. The assembly of transducer, holder, wearface, and

electrical connnector comprise the search unit.

5.2 Pulsed energy is transmitted into materials, travels in a

5 Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, DC 20402.

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Designation: E 114 – 95



Standard Practice for


An American National Standard










1. 范围

Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Examination by the
Contact Method1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
Magnetic Particle, Radiographic and Ultrasonic)5

1.1 此方法包括了利用与被检材料直接接触的探头所产生的纵-直波进行检验的脉冲反射超声波检验法。
1.2 本方法适用于在经使用者同意的情况下建立检验程序。
1.3 此标准以英镑为试验数据的标准单位。
1.4        此标准并不意味能够发现所有安全问题，如果有的话也是与其用途相关的。 本标准使用者有责任建立有利于健康与安全的试验方法并且建立规范规定其使用范围。
2. 参考标准
2.1        ASTM标准
E 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics
of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Use
of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
destructive Testing
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
2.2        ASNT标准
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3        军队标准
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
tion and Certification (Eddy Current, Liquid Penetrant,



This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Method
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Originally
published as E 114 – 55 T. Last previous edition E 114 – 90
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice
SE-114 in Section II of that Code
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518


Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States


1

3. 术语
3.1 本标准所使用术语参考 E1316。
4. 使用依据
4.1        供求协议
为了更有效的使用此标准以下术语须经使用者双方的协定。
4.1.1        无损检测机构的资质：协议规定，按E 543所定义的无损检测机构须经正式鉴定，操作人员须经资格认证。 如果规定机构鉴定和资格认证，必须仿照E 543制定相应程序文件作为鉴定的依据。
4.1.2        人员认证：无损检测人员资格认证应符合国家规定的无损检测人员认证标准或ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, MIL-STD-410以及类似标准。 此标准的使用者之间必须以合同形式规定此试验方法与标准的使用与修订。
4.1.3        检测范围：检测范围须经使用双方协商确定。
4.1.4        检测范围：检测范围须经使用双方协商确定。
4.1.5        解释准则：超声波信号与零件的检验准则须经鉴定并由标准使用双方协商决定。
5. 意义和用途
5.1 转换器（压电元件）将电波转换成一定频率的脉冲波形式的机械能。
此转换器装于一支撑盒内，能够使波以适当的损耗穿越材料表面及耦合剂在材料内传输。 转换器、支撑盒、接线盒等的装配应包括探头在内。
5.2 脉冲在被检材料中传输，
Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402

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{0>direction normal to the contacted surface, and is reflected back<}0{>以正常的的方向传输到互相接触的表面，并被反射<0}

to the search unit by discontinuity or boundary interfaces

which are parallel or near parallel to the contacted surface.

These echoes return to the search unit, where they are

converted from mechanical to electrical energy and are ampli-

fied by a receiver. The amplified echoes (signals) are usually

presented in an A-scan display, such that the entire round trip

of pulsed energy within the resolution of the system may be

indicated along the horizontal base line of the display by

vertical deflections corresponding to echo amplitudes from

each interface, including those from intervening discontinui-

ties. By adjustment of the sweep (range) controls, this display

can be expanded or contracted to obtain a designated relation

between the displayed signals and the material reflectors from

which the signal originates. Thus a scaled distance to a

discontinuity and its displayed signal becomes a true relation-

ship. By comparison of the displayed discontinuity signal

amplitudes to those from a reference standard, both location

and estimated discontinuity size may be determined. Discon-

tinuities having dimensions exceeding the size of the sound

beam can also be estimated by determining the amount of

movement of a search unit over the examination surface where

a discontinuity signal is maintained.

NOTE
1—When determining the sizes of discontinuities by either of

these two practices, only the area of the discontinuity which reflects

energy to the search unit is determined.

5.3 Types of information that may be obtained from the

pulsed-echo straight-beam practice are as follows:

5.3.1 Apparent discontinuity size (Note 2) by comparison of

the signal amplitudes from the test piece to the amplitudes

obtained from a reference standard.

5.3.2 Depth location of discontinuities by calibrating the

horizontal scale of the A-scan display.

5.3.3 Material properties as indicated by the relative sound

attenuation or velocity changes of compared items.

5.3.4 The extent of bond and unbond (or fusion and lack of

fusion) between two ultrasonic conducting materials if geom-

etry and materials permit.

NOTE
2—The term “apparent” is emphasized since true size depends on

orientation, composition, and geometry of the discontinuity and equip-

ment limitations.

6. Apparatus

6.1 Complete ultrasonic apparatus shall include the follow-

ing:

6.1.1
Instrumentation—The ultrasonic instrument shall be

capable of generating, receiving, and amplifying high-

frequency electrical pulses at such frequencies and energy

levels required to perform a meaningful examination and to

provide a suitable readout.

6.1.2
Search Units—The ultrasonic search units shall be

capable of transmitting and receiving ultrasound in the material

at the required frequencies and energy levels necessary for

E 114

passing both a transmitter and a receiver as separate piezoelec-

tric elements can be utilized to provide some degree of

improved resolution near the examination surface.

6.1.3
Couplant—A couplant, usually a liquid or semi-liquid,

is required between the face of the search unit and the

examination surface to permit or improve the transmittance of

ultrasound from the search unit into the material under test.

Typical couplants include water, cellulose gel, oil, and grease.

Corrosion inhibitors or wetting agents or both may be used.

Couplants must be selected that are not detrimental to the

product or the process. The couplant used in calibration should

be used for the examination. During the performance of a

contact ultrasonic examination, the couplant layer between

search unit and examination material must be maintained such

that the contact area is held constant while maintaining

adequate couplant thickness. Lack of couplant reducing the

effective contact area or excess couplant thickness will reduce

the amount of energy transferred between the search unit and

the examination piece. These couplant variations in turn result

in examination sensitivity variations.

6.1.3.1 The couplant should be selected so that its viscosity

is appropriate for the surface finish of the material to be

examined. The examination of rough surfaces generally re-

quires a high viscosity couplant. The temperature of the

material’s surface can change the couplant’s viscosity. As an

example, in the case of oil and greases, see Table 1.

6.1.3.2 At elevated temperatures as conditions warrant, heat

resistant coupling materials such as silicone oils, gels, or

greases should be used. Further, intermittent contact of the

search unit with the surface or auxiliary cooling of the search

unit may be necessary to avoid temperature changes that affect

the ultrasonic wave characteristics of the search unit. At higher

temperatures, certain couplants based on inorganic salts or

thermoplastic organic materials, high temperature delay mate-

rials, and search units that are not damaged by high tempera-

tures may be required.

6.1.3.3 Where constant coupling over large areas is needed,

as in automated examination, or where severe changes in

surface roughness are found, other couplants such as liquid gap

coupling will usually provide a better examination. In this case,

the search unit does not contact the examination surface but is

separated by a distance of about 0.2 in. (0.5 mm) filled with

couplant. Liquid flowing through the search unit fills the gap.

The flowing liquid provides the coupling path and has the

additional advantage of cooling the search unit if the exami-

nation surface is hot.

6.1.3.4 An alternative means of direct contact coupling is

TABLE 1 Suggested Viscosities—Oil Couplants

NOTE
1—The table is a guide only and is not meant to exclude the use

of a particular couplant that is found to work satisfactorily on a particular

surface.

Approximate Surface Roughness Average
Equivalent Couplant Vis-

(Ra), µin. (µm)
cosity, Weight Motor Oil

discontinuity detection. Typical search unit sizes usually range

from
1⁄8
in. (3.2 mm) in diameter to 11⁄8
in. (28.6 mm) in

diameter with both smaller and larger sizes available for

specific applications. Search units may be fitted with special

shoes for appropriate applications. Special search units encom-

2

5–100 (0.1–2.5)

50–200 (1.3–5.1)

100–400 (2.5–10.2)

250–700 (6.4–17.8)

Over 700 (18–)

SAE 10

SAE 20

SAE 30

SAE 40

cup grease

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以正常的的方向传输到互相接触的表面，
并由平行或接近平行的互相接触的表面反射至探头。
这些返回探头的回波由机械能被转换为电能并被接收器放大。 这些放大信号常以A扫描显示从而使脉冲的整个回路能以系统的清晰度以沿系统水平基线的垂直偏移的方式被显示，并与每个接口的回波振幅相符。——拿不准
可以通过扫描（范围）控制，缩放此显示得到信号与信号源的特定关系。
因此间断距离与其显示信号就形成了一个真实的比例关系。 根据间断处信号增益与参考标准的对比就可以确定其位置以及估算的间断尺寸。 超过声波尺寸的间断距离也可以通过探头在被测表面间断处信号长度来确定。
注：        1、只有能够反射能量至探头的间断区域尺寸才能被检查并确定。
5.3直波法获取回波信息如下：
5.3.1 对比被测信号与参考标准的振幅所得的表面（注释2）间断尺寸。
5.3.2 通过测量A扫描显示的水平刻度确定间断的深度位置。
5.3.3声衰减与速度变化显示的材料性能参数比较。
5.3.4几何形状与材料允许的情况下两超声导电材料的结合与分离程度。
注：       
2，强调‘表面’是因间断的真实尺寸取决于定位位置、成分和形状以及设备限制。
6. 仪器
6.1完整的超声波仪应包括：
6.1.1        设备—超声波仪必须能够在实际检验及分析所需频率和能级方位内产生、接收和放大高频电子脉冲。
6.1.2        探头—声波探头必须能在被测材料表面以穿过发射器和接收器所需的频率及能级发射和接收超声波。