磁粉探伤

ahui89409

Designation:执行E125-63（2003版）
Standard reference photographs for magnetic particle indications on ferrous castings铸铁的磁粉探伤参考照片标准
1 scope范围
1.1this collection of reference photographs covers types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in steel  casting and other types of ferrous castings detectable by the dry powder magnetic particle method 此参考图片包括了铸钢和一部分可检测类型铸铁通过磁粉探伤方法确定缺陷的等级和类型。
1.2these reference photographs are intended to assist in the classification of those discontinuities revealed in ferrous castings subjected to magnetic particle examination 这些参考照片规定了磁粉探伤缺陷的分类。
1.3these reference photographs are intended to be used for purposes of comparison with the magnetic particle indications observed on actual castings这些参考图片规定了实际检测铸件结果跟参考图片标准的一个对比。
2referenced documents 参考资料
2.1ASTM standards: E709 Guide for magnetic particle examination .ASTM标准：E709磁粉探伤指导书
2.2ASTM adjuncts: reference photographs for magnetic particle indications。ASTM附件：磁粉探伤参考照片
3identification 鉴定
3.1the types of discontinuities covered by the reference photographs are listed and described in table 1. Each type of discontinuity is designated by roman numerals I through VIII as given in the table 在表格1中列出和描述了参考图片所包含的缺陷的类型，从Ｉ到VIII给出了每一种缺陷的类型。
3.2the degrees of discontinuity severity, in  in increasing order where applicable , are denoted by numbers 1 through 5.  按缺陷的严重程度得递增顺序分成等级用数字1到5来 标识。
Note 1  to avoid any misunderstanding, it should be pointed out there is no correlation between degrees of the various defects. For instance , degree 2 of type I is not equivalent to degree 3 of type II. 注释1：为了避免误解，在等级和缺陷类型之间用标点隔开，例如I类2级和II类3级是不等同的。

3.3Each reference photograph is identified with the proper number and letter designation.每一参考照片用特定的字母和数字标识。
4Preparation 准备
4.1the reference photographs represent magnetic particle indications as found on production steel castings. They represent the actual size of the indications and the procedure followed was in accordance with guide E709. The peak magnetizing current employed was from 600 to 800 A and prod spacing from 4 to 10 in。 参考图片描述了对铸钢产品的磁粉探伤，所描述的缺陷特征的实际尺寸和操作的过程同附件E709是一致的。最高的磁场流从600到800A，波间隔4到10英寸。
4.2the white line indications as illustrated in most of the photographs were obtained by painting the casting area with a slurry of lamp-black in kerosene, gasoline, or alcohol , A gray magnetic powder is then used, the result is a white indication under normal photographic methods. 通常用煤油，汽油或酒精座位测试铸件的试液，在铸件涮漆的区域显示一条白线，即为为测试结果，此时使用的是灰白色磁粉。
4.3The black line indications result from applying red magnetic powder to the casting surface and photographing the magnetic particle indications. 显示黑色线，在喷涂红色磁粉在铸件表面，参考图片显示
5basis for use of reference photographs 参考图片使用的前提条件
5.1these reference photographs are intended for use when they are specified in the inquiry , contract, order , material specifications , or applicable code , and when the limiting class of severity is mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser. It is admitted that it is impossible to rigidly interpret magnetic particle indications on castings to a set of photographic references, consequently there is a need for close cooperation between the manufacturer and the purchaser/ 这些参考图片被指定使用，当在询价和签合同或下订单的时候已经被说明了。材料说明，合适的代码。当重要限制事项由供应商和客户协商一致的时候。准确的解释铸件上的磁粉显示对一个设置的图片参照来说是不可能的，这是被公认的。所以供应商和客户之间的配合是很必要的。
5.2unless otherwise specified all accessible surfaces of the casting shall be examined, on many casting , however , only certain areas are sufficiently critical to justify this type of examination. In these cases the locations to be examined shall be specifically agreed upon.在多数铸件上，除非特殊说明，所有的铸件表面都要被检测，然而，也有只是主要区域是需要充分着重检测的，在这些被检测的区域将提前明确达成一致意见的。
5.3The severity class and the number of castings made from the same pattern to be given magnetic particle examination shall constitute a part of the inquiry ,contract, or order , or shall be as specified in the material specification or applicable code. 被要求的磁粉检测的相同模具制造的严重的分类和铸件号将构成询价，合同和订单的一部分，或者将被指定在材料规格和合适的代码中。
5.4The limiting size and shape of the unit area to be examined shall be established by the applicable code or by mutual agreement of the manufacturer and purchaser.  When more than one type of discontinuity appears in the specified area, agreement on this situation should be established.单元区域内被检测的有限制的尺寸和形状被合适的代码或者供应商和客户的协议所确定；当在指定区域出现了多于一类的缺陷时，在这种情形下将通过协议来确定。
5.5These indications ,generally, represent evidence of surface discontinuities and any deductions or conclusions with regard to depth or extent of the interior nature of the discontinuity must be based on exploration by other test methods. 这些象征，通常，表面的缺陷表现迹象和任何认为深的宽的内部缺陷的推论或结论必须通过其他的检测方式测试证明。
6Keywords 关键字
6.1discontinuities , ferrous castings, indications; magnetic particle indications; magnetic particle examination; magnetic particle inspection; photographs ; reference photographs; steel castings
裂缝；铁合金铸件，指示；磁粉；磁粉探伤；磁粉检测；照片，摄影；参考图片；铸钢；
1 linear discontinuities ( hot tears and cracks) 裂缝
Ragged lines of variable width , may appear as a single jagged line or exist in groups. They may or may not have a definite line of continuity . they usually originate at the casting surface and generally become smaller as they go deeper. 宽度不均匀的不规则的线，可能是单独的一条波浪线或者很多的存在，他们是明确或者不明确的连续的一条线，他们通常产生在铸件表面，当较深的时候会显示的小一些。
2 shrinkage  收缩    appears as a jagged area or irregular patches . shrinkage is a subsurface discontinuity that may be brought to the surface by machining or other methods of metal removal.
3 inclusions  夹渣   isolated ,irregular or elongated variations of magnetic particles occurring singly . in a linear distribution or scattered at random in feathery streaks , the indications are the result of the presence of sand . slag or oxides in the surface metal.
4 internal chills and unfused chaplets   冷隔    a uniform line or band outlining the object an indicating lack of fusion between the metal object and casting .
5  porosity  气孔   appears as rounded outlining the object and indicating lack of fusion between the metal object and the casting.
7welds  焊接件
weld porosity , 气孔
incomplete penetration,断流
undercutting, 焊包
inclusions in weld , 焊渣
crater cracking 断口
incomplete fusion and penetration appears as a straight continuous or intermittent linear indication . porosity , inclusions and linear discontinuities in welds appear as described above..
8false indications 未融化物体
prod pattern
powder lodged in surface depression
particles dropped from cables
chisel marks
wrinkles
9magnetic anomalies
adhering scale
magnetic writing
high external magnetic field
junction of materials of different permeability
powder build up at sharp fillet